Utilities that are designed to recover data from a damaged or corrupt hard disk usually work by analyzing the file system and attempting to reassemble the data. HFS+ has been the dominant file system in the Mac world for many years, and more recently APFS was introduced. You may have also reformatted the device to a desired file system, overwriting the device’s initial file system from the manufacturer. The actual file system used varies depending on the card’s capacity, manufacturer, intended use, and age. For example, they use file systems such as HFS+ or even the new APFS with the latest release of macOS 10.13 High Sierra. SD cards and other external drives use the same types of file systems that internal Mac drives do. Furthermore, removable storage devices use file systems that are similar to or the same as those used on hard drives. In fact, if you connect an SD card or a USB flash drive to your computer, it is usually made accessible through your operating system, just like the computer’s internal hard disk. How is recovery with software possible? Well, a removable media device isn’t all that different from the hard drive inside your computer. If you have suffered from physical failure of the device, The Data Rescue Center, specializes in physical recovery services. So what can you do if data loss or data corruption do occur on an SD card or other external storage device? The good news is that data recovery tools such as Data Rescue can usually be used to recover data from logically failing removable media. This can be especially worrisome since such devices often contain irreplaceable items, such as personal photos and videos. When such a failure does occur, the device’s data may be lost. The bottom line is that although SD cards and other forms of flash media tend to be extremely durable, they can and sometimes do fail. Files on a flash-based device can also become inaccessible if a portion of the data becomes unreadable due to corruption. Flash cells can also fail prematurely if the card is exposed to static electricity. However, formatting such a device can shorten its lifespan since formatting may interfere with the device’s logical wear leveling mechanism. Modern flash storage devices can typically handle a limited number of read/write operations, afterwhich they become unuseable. The other reason data loss and data corruption may sometimes occur on SD cards or other removable media is because solid state media (including SSDs, SD cards and USB memory sticks) store data within flash memory. Needless to say, we can easily cause damage to cameras and to the media that they contain through regular use. Even so, we put these cameras through a lot by using them in all kinds of situations, including: onboard RC aircraft (which sometimes suffer rough landings), speed boat racing, scuba diving, spelunking, off-roading, skiing, snowboarding, skydiving, and other extreme sports. Considering the abuse that these cameras take, they do an excellent job of protecting the storage device within them. If you are the owner of one of the popular GoPro cameras, all of which use SD media, you know that the device can occasionally take a drop or other physical impact. Some devices, such as extreme sports cameras, tend to take even more physical abuse. Two of the most common devices in which SD cards are used are cell phones and cameras, both of which tend to get dropped from time to time. However, the damage is more often caused by the ways in which SD cards and similar storage devices are used. It could be as simple as damaging an SD card by dropping it on the floor or accidentally rolling an office chair over it. Even so, it is possible to physically damage an SD card. SD cards and similar types of flash media (such as SSDs) tend to be extremely reliable. Problems with the data on removable media tend to have two main causes – physical damage and logical wear. Let’s start by talking about some of the reasons why data loss or data corruption might occur on your device. First, why does the potential for data loss exist on seemingly stable media with no moving parts, such as an SSD or SD card? Second, if data loss or data corruption does occur, how can you fix the problem and get your data back? How Data Loss Can Occur Attempting data recovery on media other than hard drives brings up two main questions.
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